1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
KetalarTM 10 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml Injection.
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each 1 ml of solution contains:
Ketalar 10mg/ml Injection : ketamine hydrochloride Ph Eur equivalent to 10 mg ketamine base per ml.
Ketalar 50mg/ml Injection : ketamine hydrochloride Ph Eur equivalent to 50 mg ketamine base per ml.
Ketalar 100mg/ml Injection: ketamine hydrochloride Ph Eur equivalent to 100 mg ketamine base per ml.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Solution for injection or infusion.
A clear solution for injection or infusion.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Ketalar is recommended:
As an anaesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures. When used by intravenous or intramuscular injection, Ketalar is best suited for short procedures. With additional doses, or by intravenous infusion, Ketalar can be used for longer procedures. If skeletal muscle relaxation is desired, a muscle relaxant should be used and respiration should be supported.
For the induction of anaesthesia prior to the administration of other general anaesthetic agents.
To supplement other anaesthetic agents.
Specific areas of application or types of procedures:-
When the intramuscular route of administration is preferred.
Debridement, painful dressings, and skin grafting in burned patients, as well as other superficial surgical procedures.
Neurodiagnostic procedures such as pneumoencephalograms, ventriculograms, myelograms, and lumbar punctures.
Diagnostic and operative procedures of the eye, ear, nose, and mouth, including dental extractions.
Note: Eye movements may persist during ophthalmological procedures.
Anaesthesia in poor-risk patients with depression of vital functions or where depression of vital functions must be avoided, if at all possible.
Orthopaedic procedures such as closed reductions, manipulations, femoral pinning, amputations, and biopsies.
Sigmoidoscopy and minor surgery of the anus and rectum, circumcision and pilonidal sinus.
Cardiac catheterization procedures.
Caesarian section; as an induction agent in the absence of elevated blood pressure.
Anaesthesia in the asthmatic patient, either to minimise the risks of an attack of bronchospasm developing, or in the presence of bronchospasm where anaesthesia cannot be delayed.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
For intravenous infusion, intravenous injection or intramuscular injection.
NOTE: All doses are given in terms of ketamine base
Adults, elderly (over 65 years) and children:
For surgery in elderly patients ketamine has been shown to be suitable either alone or supplemented with other anaesthetic agents.
Preoperative preparations
Ketalar has been safely used alone when the stomach was not empty. However, since the need for supplemental agents and muscle relaxants cannot be predicted, when preparing for elective surgery it is advisable that nothing be given by mouth for at least six hours prior to anaesthesia.
Premedication with an anticholinergic agent (e.g. atropine, hyoscine or glycopyrolate) or another drying agent should be given at an appropriate interval prior to induction to reduce ketamine-induced hypersalivation..
Midazolam, diazepam, lorazepam, or flunitrazepam used as a premedicant or as an adjunct to ketamine, have been effective in reducing the incidence of emergence reactions.
Onset and duration
As with other general anaesthetic agents, the individual response to Ketalar is somewhat varied depending on the dose, route of administration, age of patient, and concomitant use of other agents, so that dosage recommendation cannot be absolutely fixed. The dose should be titrated against the patient's requirements.
Because of rapid induction following intravenous injection, the patient should be in a supported position during administration. An intravenous dose of 2 mg/kg of bodyweight usually produces surgical anaesthesia within 30 seconds after injection and the anaesthetic effect usually lasts 5 to 10 minutes. An intramuscular dose of 10 mg/kg of bodyweight usually produces surgical anaesthesia within 3 to 4 minutes following injection and the anaesthetic effect usually lasts 12 to 25 minutes. Return to consciousness is gradual.
A. Ketalar as the sole anaesthetic agent
Intravenous Infusion
The use of Ketalar by continuous infusion enables the dose to be titrated more closely, thereby reducing the amount of drug administered compared with intermittent administration. This results in a shorter recovery time and better stability of vital signs.
A solution containing 1 mg/ml of ketamine in dextrose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9% is suitable for administration by infusion.
General Anesthesia Induction
An infusion corresponding to 0.5 – 2 mg/kg as total induction dose.
Maintenance of anaesthesia
Anaesthesia may be maintained using a microdrip infusion of 10 - 45 microgram/kg/min (approximately 1 – 3 mg/min).
The rate of infusion will depend on the patient's reaction and response to anaesthesia. The dosage required may be reduced when a long acting neuromuscular blocking agent is used.
Intermittent Injection
Induction
Intravenous Route
The initial dose of Ketalar administered intravenously may range from 1 mg/kg to 4.5mg/kg (in terms of ketamine base).The average amount required to produce 5 to 10 minutes of surgical anaesthesia has been 2.0 mg/kg. It is recommended that intravenous administration be accomplished slowly (over a period of 60 seconds). More rapid administration may result in respiratory depression and enhanced pressor response.
Note: the 100 mg/ml concentration of ketamine should not be injected intravenously without proper dilution. It is recommended that the drug be diluted with an equal volume of either sterile water for injection, normal saline, or 5% dextrose in water.
Intramuscular Route
The initial dose of Ketalar administered intramuscularly may range from 6.5 mg/kg to 13 mg/kg (in terms of ketamine base). A low initial intramuscular dose of 4 mg/kg has been used in diagnostic manoeuvres and procedures not involving intensely painful stimuli. A dose of 10 mg/kg will usually produce 12 to 25 minutes of surgical anaesthesia.
Dosage in Hepatic Insufficiency:
Dose reductions should be considered in patients with cirrhosis or other types of liver impairment. (see section 4.4 Special Warnings and Special Precautions for Use).
Maintenance of general anaesthesia
Lightening of anaesthesia may be indicated by nystagmus, movements in response to stimulation, and vocalization. Anaesthesia is maintained by the administration of additional doses of Ketalar by either the intravenous or intramuscular route.
Each additional dose is from ½ to the full induction dose recommended above for the route selected for maintenance, regardless of the route used for induction.
The larger the total amount of Ketalar administered, the longer will be the time to complete recovery.
Purposeless and tonic-clonic movements of extremities may occur during the course of anaesthesia. These movements do not imply a light plane and are not indicative of the need for additional doses of the anaesthetic.
B. Ketalar as induction agent prior to the use of other general anaesthetics
Induction is accomplished by a full intravenous or intramuscular dose of Ketalar as defined above. If Ketalar has been administered intravenously and the principal anaesthetic is slow-acting, a second dose of Ketalar may be required 5 to 8 minutes following the initial dose. If Ketalar has been administered intramuscularly and the principal anaesthetic is rapid-acting, administration of the principal anaesthetic may be delayed up to 15 minutes following the injection of Ketalar.
C. Ketalar as supplement to anaesthetic agents
Ketalar is clinically compatible with the commonly used general and local anaesthetic agents when an adequate respiratory exchange is maintained. The dose of Ketalar for use in conjunction with other anaesthetic agents is usually in the same range as the dosage stated above; however, the use of another anaesthetic agent may allow a reduction in the dose of Ketalar.
D. Management of patients in recovery
Following the procedure the patient should be observed but left undisturbed. This does not preclude the monitoring of vital signs. If, during the recovery, the patient shows any indication of emergence delirium, consideration may be given to the use of diazepam (5 to 10 mg I.V. in an adult). A hypnotic dose of a thiobarbiturate (50 to 100 mg I.V.) may be used to terminate severe emergence reactions. If any one of these agents is employed, the patient may experience a longer recovery period.
4.3 Contraindications
Ketalar is contra-indicated in persons in whom an elevation of blood pressure would constitute a serious hazard (see section 4.8 Undesirable effects). Ketamine hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients who have shown hypersensitivity to the drug or its components. Ketalar should not be used in patients with eclampsia or pre-eclampsia, severe coronary or myocardial disease, cerebrovascular accident or cerebral trauma.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
To be used only in hospitals by or under the supervision of experienced medically qualified anaesthetists except under emergency conditions.
As with any general anaesthetic agent, resuscitative equipment should be available and ready for use.
Respiratory depression may occur with overdosage of Ketalar, in which case supportive ventilation should be employed. Mechanical support of respiration is preferred to the administration of analeptics.
The intravenous dose should be administered over a period of 60 seconds. More rapid administration may result in transient respiratory depression or apnoea and enhanced pressor response.
Because pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes usually remain active, mechanical stimulation of the pharynx should be avoided unless muscle relaxants, with proper attention to respiration, are used.
Although aspiration of contrast medium has been reported during Ketalar anaesthesia under experimental conditions (Taylor, P A and Towey, R M, Brit. Med. J. 1971, 2: 688), in clinical practice aspiration is seldom a problem.
In surgical procedures involving visceral pain pathways, Ketalar should be supplemented with an agent which obtunds visceral pain.
When Ketalar is used on an outpatient basis, the patient should not be released until recovery from anaesthesia is complete and then should be accompanied by a responsible adult.
Ketalar should be used with caution in patients with the following conditions:
Use with caution in the chronic alcoholic and the acutely alcohol-intoxicated patient.
Ketamine is metabolised in the liver and hepatic clearance is required for termination of clinical effects. A prolonged duration of action may occur in patients with cirrhosis or other types of liver impairment. Dose reductions should be considered in these patients.
Since an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure has been reported during Ketalar anaesthesia, Ketalar should be used with special caution in patients with preanaesthetic elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure.
Use with caution in patients with globe injuries and increased intraocular pressure (e.g. glaucoma) because the pressure may increase significantly after a single dose of ketamine.
Use with caution in patients with neurotic traits or psychiatric illness (e.g. schizophrenia and acute psychosis)
Use in caution in patients with acute intermittent porphyria.
Use in caution in patients with seizures.
Use in caution in patients with hyperthyroidism or patients receiving thyroid replacement (increased risk of hypertension and tachycardia)
Use in caution in patients with pulmonary or upper respiratory infection (ketamine sensitises the gag reflex, potentially causing laryngospasm)
Use in caution in patients with intracranial mass lesions, a presence of head injury, or hydrocephalus.
Emergence Reaction
The psychological manifestations vary in severity between pleasant dream-like states, vivid imagery, hallucinations, nightmares or illusions and emergence delirium (often consisting of dissociative or floating sensations), In some cases these states have been accompanied by confusion, excitement, and irrational behaviour which a few pateients recall as an unpleasant experience. (See section 4.8 Undesirable Effects).
Emergence delirium phenomena may occur during the recovery period. The incidence of these reactions may be reduced if verbal and tactile stimulation of the patient is minimised during the recovery period. This does not preclude the monitoring of vital signs.
Because of the substantial increase in myocardial oxygen consumption, ketamine should be used in caution in patients with hypovolemia, dehydration or cardiac disease, especially coronary artery disease (e.g. congestive heart failure, myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction). In addition ketamine should be used with caution in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension and tachyarrythmais.
Cardiac function should be continually monitored during the procedure in patients found to have hypertension or cardiac decompensation.
Ketalar has been reported as being a drug of abuse. If used on a daily basis for a few weeks, dependence and tolerance may develop, particularly in individuals with a history of drug abuse and dependence. Therefore the use of Ketalar should be closely supervised and it should be prescribed and administered with caution.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Prolonged recovery time may occur if barbiturates and/or narcotics are used concurrently with Ketalar.
Ketalar is chemically incompatible with barbiturates and diazepam because of precipitate formation. Therefore, these should not be mixed in the same syringe or infusion fluid.
Ketamine may potentiate the neuromuscular blocking effects of atracurium and tubocurarine including respiratory depression with apnea.
The use of halogenated anesthetics concomitantly with ketamine can lengthen the elimination half-life of ketamine and delay recovery from anesthesia. Concurrent use of ketamine (especially in high doses or when rapidly administered) with halogenated anesthetics can increase the risk of developing bradycardia, hypotension or decreased cardiac output.
The use of ketamine with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants (e.g. ethanol, phenothiazines, sedating H1 – blockers or skeletal muscle relaxants) can potentiate CNS depression and/or increase risk of developing respiratory depression. Reduced doses of ketamine may be required with concurrent administration of other anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics.
Ketamine has been reported to antagonise the hypnotic effect of thiopental.
Patients taking thyroid hormones have an increased risk of developing hypertension and tachycardia when given ketamine.
Concomitant use of antihypertensive agents and ketamine increases the risk of developing hypotension.
When ketamine and theophylline are given concurrently, a clinically significant reduction in the seizure threshold is observed. Unpredictable extensor-type seizures have been reported with concurrent administration of these agents.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Ketalar crosses the placenta. This should be borne in mind during operative obstetric procedures in pregnancy. With the exception of administration during surgery for abdominal delivery or vaginal delivery, no controlled clinical studies in pregnancy have been conducted. The safe use in pregnancy, and in lactation, has not been established and such use is not recommended.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Patients should be cautioned that driving a car, operating hazardous machinery or engaging in hazardous activities should not be undertaken for 24 hours or more after anaesthesia.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
Cardiac and Vascular Disorders:
Temporary elevation of blood pressure and pulse rate is frequently observed following administration of ketamine hydrochloride. However, hypotension and bradycardia have been reported. Arrhythmias have also occurred. The median peak rise of blood pressure has ranged from 20 to 25 per cent of preanaesthetic values. Depending on the condition of the patient, this elevation of blood pressure may be considered an adverse reaction or a beneficial effect.
Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders:
Depression of respiration or apnoea may occur following over rapid intravenous administration or high doses of ketamine hydrochloride. Laryngospasm and other forms of airway obstruction have occurred during ketamine hydrochloride anaesthesia. Increased salivation leading to respiratory difficulties may occur unless an antisialogogue is used.
Eye Disorders:
Diplopia and nystagmus may occur following ketamine hydrochloride administration. A elevation in intraocular pressure may also occur.
Psychiatric Disorders:
Reports suggest that ketamine produces a variety of symptoms including, but not limited to, flashbacks, hallucinations, nightmares, illusions, dysphoria, anxiety, insomnia or disorientation (often consisting of dissociative or floating sensations)..
During recovery from anaesthesia the patient may experience emergence delirium, characterised by vivid dreams (pleasant or unpleasant), with or without psychomotor activity, manifested by confusion and irrational behaviour. The fact that these reactions are observed less often in the young (15 years of age or less) makes Ketalar especially useful in paediatric anaesthesia. These reactions are also less frequent in the elderly (over 65 years of age) patient. The incidence of emergence reactions is reduced as experience with the drug is gained. No residual psychological effects are known to have resulted from the use of Ketalar.
Nervous System Disorders:
In some patients, enhanced skeletal muscle tone may be manifested by tonic and clonic movements sometimes resembling seizures. These movements do not imply a light plane of anaesthesia and are not indicative of a need for additional doses of the anaesthetic.
Metabolism and Nutritional Disorders:
Anorexia has been observed, however this is not usually severe and allows the great majority of patients to take liquids by mouth shortly after regaining conciousness.
Gastro-intestinal Disorders:
Nausea, and vomiting have been observed; however, these are uncommon and are not usually severe. The great majority of patients are able to take liquids by mouth shortly after regaining consciousness. Hypersalivation (See section 4.2 Posology and Method of Administration – Preoperative Preparations).
Immune System Disorders:
There have been a number of reported cases of anaphylaxis.
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions:
Local pain and exanthema at the injection site have infrequently been reported.
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders:
Transient erythema and/or morbilliform rash have also been reported.
4.9 Overdose
Respiratory depression can result from an overdosage of ketamine hydrochloride. Supportive ventilation should be employed. Mechanical support of respiration that will maintain adequate blood oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide elimination is preferred to administration of analeptics.
Ketalar has a wide margin of safety; several instances of unintentional administration of overdoses of Ketalar (up to 10 times that usually required) have been followed by prolonged but complete recovery.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Ketamine is a rapidly acting general anaesthetic for intravenous or intramuscular use with a distinct pharmacological action. Ketamine hydrochloride produces dissociative anaesthesia characterised by catalepsy, amnesia, and marked analgesia which may persist into the recovery period. Pharyngeal-laryngeal reflexes remain normal and skeletal muscle tone may be normal or can be enhanced to varying degrees. Mild cardiac and respiratory stimulation and occasionally respiratory depression occur.
Mechanism of Action:
Ketamine induces sedation, immobility, amnesia and marked analgesia. The anesthetic state produced by ketamine has been termed “dissociative anesthesia” in that it appears to selectively interrupt association pathways of the brain before producing somesthetic sensory blockade. It may selectively depress the thalamoneocortical system before significantly obtunding the more ancient cerebral centers and pathways (reticular-activating and limbic systems). Numerous theories have been proposed to explain the effects of ketamine, including binding to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the CNS, interactions with opiate receptors at central and spinal sites and interaction with norepinephrine, serotonin and muscarinic cholinergic receptors. The activity on NMDA receptors may be responsible for the analgesic as well as psychiatric (psychosis) effects of ketamine. Ketamine has sympathomimetic activity resulting in tachycardia, hypertension, increased myocardial and cerebral oxygen consumption, increased cerebral blood flow and increased intracranial and intraocular pressure. Ketamine is also a potent bronchodilator. Clinical effects observed following ketamine administration include increased blood pressure, increased muscle tone (may resemble catatonia), opening of eyes (usually accompanied by nystagmus) and increased myocardial oxygen consumption.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Ketamine is rapidly distributed into perfused tissues including brain and placenta. Animal studies have shown ketamine to be highly concentrated in body fat, liver and lung. Biotransformation takes place in liver. Termination of anaesthetic is partly by redistribution from brain to other tissues and partly by metabolism. Elimination half-life is approximately 2-3 hours, and excretion renal, mostly as conjugated metabolites.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Preclinical safety data does not add anything of further significance to the prescriber.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Ketalar 10mg/ml Injection: sodium chloride, benzethonium chloride, water for injection
Ketalar 50mg/ml Injection: benzethonium chloride, water for injection
Ketalar 100mg/ml Injection: benzethonium chloride, water for injection
6.2 Incompatibilities
Ketalar is chemically incompatible with barbiturates and diazepam because of precipitate formation. Therefore, these should not be mixed in the same syringe or infusion fluid.
6.3 Shelf Life
Ketelar 10mg/ml and 50mg/ml: 60 months
Ketelar 100mg/ml: 36 months
For single use only. Discard any unused product at the end of each operating session.
After dilution the solutions should be used immediately.
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions. Do not freeze. Store in the original container. Discard any unused product at the end of each operating session.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
Ketalar 10mg/ml Injection: 20 ml white neutral glass vial with rubber closure and aluminium flip-off cap containing 10 mg ketamine base per ml.
Ketalar 50mg/ml Injection: 12 ml vials containing 10 ml of solution as 50 mg ketamine base per ml.
Ketalar 100mg/ml Injection: 12 ml vials containing 10 ml of solution as 100 mg ketamine base per ml.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
For single use only. Discard any unused product at the end of each operating session.
See Section 4.2 Posology and method of administration.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Pfizer Limited, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 00057/0529, PL 00057/0530, PL 00057/0531
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
1st July 2003
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
December 2009
Company Reference: KE 7_0 UK
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